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Lots of other Scientologist-run organizations and companies come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated services. WISE needs those who wish to end up being Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires growth. You can help by adding to it. In order to assist in the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or reputable people. Scientology. Though it has attained some reliability as a religion in many countries, Scientology has actually also been referred to as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has been noted to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Level playing field individuals it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, destructive libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to established social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were business and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack my blog Obama administration to investigate, as determined in an internet poll run by the governmental transition team obtaining public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain elements of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was produced with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later great post to read on relabelled the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and committed one of the biggest penetration of United States federal firms ever perpetrated by an organization not affiliated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity dedicated by these defendants is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No individual or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past made usage of aggressive strategies in resolving those it views as attempting to reduce them, understood as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially outlined by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair game. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper understood to have actually been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb hazards in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.